PART 1 INTERACTION OF MATTER, SPACE & TIME 2
- Introduction to Physics 15 minLecture1.1
- 2. Application of Physics 30 minLecture1.2
Concepts of Matter 3
Simple structure of matter should be discussed. Three physics states of matter, namely solid, liquid and gas should be treated. Evidence of the particle nature of matter e.g. Brownian motion experiment, Kinetic theory of matter. Use of the theory to explain; states of matter (solid, liquid and gas), pressure in a gas, evaporation and boiling; cohesion, adhesion, capillarity. Crystalline and amorphous substances to be compared (Arrangement of atoms in crystalline structure to be described e.g. face centred, body centred.
- Concepts of Matter (and Brownian motion) 30 minLecture2.1
- Kinetic Theory of matter and states of matterLecture2.2
- Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling – Kinetic TheoryLecture2.3
Fundamental and derived quantities and units 2
Length, mass, time, electric current luminous intensity, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance as examples of fundamental quantities and m, kg, s, A, cd, K and mol as their respective units. Volume, density and speed as derived quantities and m3, kgm-3 and ms-1 as their respective units.
- Unit Conversion and Dimensional Analysis 30 minLecture3.1
- Fundamental and derived quantities and units – S.I Units 30 minLecture3.2
Position, distance and displacement 5
Position of objects in space using the X,Y,Z axes should be mentioned. Use of string, metre rule, vernier calipers and micrometer screw gauge. Degree of accuracy should be noted. Metre (m) as unit of distance. Use of compass and a protractor. Graphical location and directions by axes to be stressed.
- Position, distance and displacement explainedLecture4.1
- Concept of position as a location of point-rectangular coordinates.Lecture4.2
- Measurement of distanceLecture4.3
- Concept of direction as a way of locating a point –bearingLecture4.4
- Distinction between distance and displacement. 03 minLecture4.5
Mass and weight 1
Use of lever balance and chemical/beam balance to measure mass and spring balance to measure weight. Mention should be made of electronic/digital balance. Kilogram (kg) as unit of mass and newton (N) as unit of weight.
- Distinction between mass and weight 30 minLecture5.1
Time 2
The use of heart-beat, sand-clock, ticker-timer, pendulum and stopwatch/clock. Second(s) as unit of time.
- Concept of time as interval between physical eventsLecture6.1
- Measurement of time, Seconds as a Unit of time 30 minLecture6.2
Fluid at rest 6
Experimental determination for solids and liquids. Concept and definition of pressure. Pascal’s principle, application of principle to hydraulic press and car brakes. Dependence of pressure on the depth of a point below a liquid surface. Atmospheric pressure. Simple barometer, manometer, siphon, syringe and pump. Determination of the relative density of liquids with U-tube and Hare’s apparatus. Identification of the forces acting on a body partially or completely immersed in a fluid. Use of the principle to determine the relative densities of solids and liquids. Establishing the conditions for a body to float in a fluid. Applications in hydrometer, balloons, boats, ships, submarines etc.
- Fluid IntroductionLecture7.1
- Volume, density and relative density 30 minLecture7.2
- Pressure in fluidsLecture7.3
- Equilibrium of bodiesLecture7.4
- Archimedes’ principleLecture7.5
- Law of flotationLecture7.6
Motion 7
Only qualitative treatment is required. Illustration should be given for the various types of motion. Numerical problems on co-linear motion may be set. Force as cause of motion. Push and pull These are field forces namely; electric and magnetic attractions and repulsions; gravitational pull. Frictional force between two stationary bodies (static) and between two bodies in relative motion (dynamic). Coefficients of limiting friction and their determinations. Advantages of friction e.g. in locomotion, friction belt, grindstone. Disadvantages of friction e.g reduction of efficiency, wear and tear of machines. Methods of reducing friction; e.g. use of ball bearings, rollers, streamlining and lubrication. Definition and effects. Simple explanation as extension of friction in fluids. Fluid friction and its application in lubrication should be treated qualitatively. Terminal velocity and its determination. Experiments with a string tied to a stone at one end and whirled around should be carried out to (i) demonstrate motion in a Vertical/horizontal circle. (i) show the difference between angular speed and velocity. (ii) Draw a diagram to illustrate centripetal force. Banking of roads in reducing sideways friction should be qualitatively discussed.
- Types of motion: Random, rectilinear, translational, Rotational, circular, orbital, spin, Oscillatory.Lecture8.1
- Relative motionLecture8.2
- Cause of motionLecture8.3
- Types of force: (i) Contact force (ii) Non-contact force(field force)Lecture8.4
- Solid frictionLecture8.5
- Viscosity (friction in fluids)Lecture8.6
- Simple ideas of circular motionLecture8.7
Speed and velocity 3
Metre per second (ms-1) as unit of speed/velocity. Ticker-timer or similar devices should be used to determine speed/velocity. Definition of velocity as ∆ s ∆t. Determination of instantaneous speed/velocity from distance/displacement-time graph and by calculation. Unit of acceleration as ms-2 Ticker timer or similar devices should be used to determine acceleration. Definition of acceleration as ∆ v ∆t . Determination of acceleration and displacement from velocity-time graph Use of equations to solve numerical problems.
Scalars and vectors 3
Mass, distance, speed and time as examples of scalars. Weight, displacement, velocity and acceleration as examples of vectors. Use of force board to determine the resultant of two forces. Obtain the resultant of two velocities analytically and graphically. Torque/Moment of force. Simple treatment of a couple, e.g. turning of water tap, corkscrew and steering wheel.) Use of force board to determine resultant and equilibrant forces. Treatment should include resolution of forces into two perpendicular directions and composition of forces Parallelogram of forces. Triangle of forces. Should ne treated experimentally. Treatment should include stable, unstable and neutral equilibra. Use of a loaded test-tube oscillating vertically in a liquid, simple pendulum, spiral spring and bifilar suspension to demonstrate simple harmonic motion.
- Principle of momentsLecture10.1
- Conditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies under the action of parallel and non-parallel forces.Lecture10.2
- Centre of gravity and stabilityLecture10.3
Simple harmonic motion 5
Relate linear and angular speeds, linear and angular accelerations. Experimental determination of ‘g’ with the simple pendulum and helical spring. The theory of the principles should be treated but derivation of the formula for ‘g’ is not required Simple problems may be set on simple harmonic motion. Mathematical proof of simple harmonic motion in respect of spiral spring, bifilar suspension and loaded test-tube is not required.
- Illustration, explanation and definition of simple harmonic motion (S.H.M)Lecture11.1
- Speed and acceleration of Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M)Lecture11.2
- Period, frequency and amplitude of a body executing Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M)Lecture11.3
- Energy of Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M)Lecture11.4
- Forced vibration and resonanceLecture11.5
Newton’s laws of motion: 3
Distinction between inertia mass and weight Use of timing devices e.g. ticker-timer to determine the acceleration of a falling body and the relationship when the accelerating force is constant. Linear momentum and its conservation. Collision of elastic bodies in a straight line. Applications: recoil of a gun, jet and rocket propulsions.
- First Law: Inertia of rest and inertia of motionLecture12.1
- Second Law: Force, acceleration, momentum and impulseLecture12.2
- Third Law: Action and reactionLecture12.3
